The Waldorf Family Was Caught in a Fire

17th century Italianate mansion

This article is about the manor in England. For the house in Germantown, Pennsylvania, see Cliveden (Benjamin Chew House).

Cliveden Business firm
View looking n from the Ring in the Parterre showing Terrace Pavilion and Clock Tower to the left with Lower Terrace and Borghese Balustrade below
Location within Buckinghamshire Show map of Buckinghamshire Cliveden (England) Show map of England
Hotel concatenation	Iconic Luxury Hotels
General information
Coordinates	51°33′29″North 0°41′18″Due west  /  51.558168°Northward 0.688258°Westward  / 51.558168; -0.688258
Owner	National Trust
Design and structure
Architect	Charles Barry
Other information
Number of rooms	47 (including Spring Cottage)
Number of suites	15
Number of restaurants	2
Number of confined	i (The Library Bar)
Facilities	Spa, Tennis, Gym, 376 Acres of National Trust-Managed Grounds (including the Maze), Two Boats, Meeting Infinite
Website
Official website

Cliveden (pronounced ) is an English country house and manor in the care of the National Trust in Buckinghamshire, on the border with Berkshire. The Italianate mansion, also known every bit Cliveden House, crowns an outlying ridge of the Chiltern Hills shut to the South Bucks villages of Burnham and Taplow. The chief business firm sits forty metres (130 ft) higher up the banks of the River Thames, and its grounds gradient down to the river. Cliveden has go one of the National Trust's most popular pay-for-entry visitor attractions, hosting 524,807 visitors in 2019.^[i]

Cliveden has been the habitation to a Prince of Wales, two Dukes, an Earl, and finally the Viscounts Astor. As the home of Nancy Astor, wife of the 2nd Viscount Astor, Cliveden was the meeting place of the Cliveden Gear up of the 1920s and 30s—a group of political intellectuals. Afterwards, during the early on 1960s when information technology was the dwelling of the 3rd Viscount Astor, information technology became the setting for cardinal events of the notorious Profumo affair. Subsequently the Astor family stopped living at that place, by the 1970s it was leased to Stanford Academy, which used it as an overseas campus. Today the house is leased to a company that runs information technology every bit a five-star hotel.

Cliveden means "valley amongst cliffs"^[2] and refers to the dene (valley) which cuts through role of the estate, east of the business firm. Cliveden has been spelled differently over the centuries, some of the variations being Cliffden, Clifden, Cliefden and Clyveden.^[3] The 375 acres (152 ha) gardens and woodlands are open to the public, together with parts of the house on certain days. There take been three houses on this site: the get-go, built in 1666, burned downwardly in 1795 and the 2nd house (1824) was likewise destroyed past burn, in 1849. The nowadays Form I listed house was built in 1851 by the builder Charles Barry for the second Knuckles of Sutherland.

Nowadays business firm [edit]

Designed by Charles Barry in 1851 to replace a house previously destroyed by fire, the present house is a blend of the English language Palladian style and the Roman Cinquecento.^[4] The Victorian three-storey mansion sits on a 400-foot (120 m) long, 20-foot (half dozen.ane m) high brick terrace or viewing platform (visible simply from the southward side) which dates from the mid-17th century. The exterior of the house is rendered in Roman cement, with terracotta additions such every bit balusters, capitals, keystones and finials. The roof of the mansion is meant for walking on, and there is a round view, higher up the tree-line, of parts of Buckinghamshire and Berkshire including Windsor Castle to the south.^[5]

Below the balustraded roofline is a Latin inscription which continues effectually the four sides of the house and recalls its history; it was composed by the then prime number minister William Ewart Gladstone. On the west front it reads: POSITA INGENIO OPERA CONSILIO CAROLI BARRY ARCHIT A MDCCCLI, which translated reads: "The piece of work accomplished by the vivid plan of architect Charles Barry in 1851."^[6] The main contractor for the work was Lucas Brothers.^[seven]

In 1984–86 the exterior of the mansion was overhauled and a new pb roof installed by the National Trust, while interior repairs were carried out past Cliveden Hotel.^[8] In 2013, further exterior work was carried out including the restoration of 300 sash windows and 20 timber doors.^[9]

Interior [edit]

The Hall showing the fireplace and portrait of Nancy Astor

The interior of the house today is very different from its original appearance in 1851–52. This is mainly due to the 1st Lord Astor, who radically altered the interior layout and ornament c.1894–95. Whereas Barry'due south original interior for the Sutherlands had included a square archway-hall, a morn room and a dissever stairwell, Lord Astor wanted a more than impressive archway to Cliveden and so he had all three rooms amalgamated to create the Great Hall. Astor's aim was for the interior to resemble an Italian palazzo, thus complementing the exterior. The ceiling and walls were panelled in English oak, with Corinthian columns and swags of carved flowers for ornament, all by architect Frank Pearson. The staircase newel posts are ornamented with carved figures representing previous owners (e.g. Buckingham and Orkney) by Westward.S. Frith. Astor installed a large 16th-century fireplace, bought from a Burgundian chateau which was being pulled down. To the left of the fireplace is a portrait of Nancy, Lady Astor by the American portraitist John Singer Sargent. The room was and still is furnished with 18th-century tapestries and suits of armour. Originally the floor was covered with Minton encaustic tiles (given to the Sutherlands by the factory) only Nancy Astor had them removed in 1906 and the present flagstones laid.^[10] Above the staircase is a painted ceiling by French artist Auguste Hervieu which depicts the Sutherlands' children painted every bit the four seasons. This is the only surviving element of Barry'south 1851–52 interior and information technology is believed that Lord Astor considered it too beautiful to remove.

The French Dining Room is so-chosen because the 18th-century Rococo panelling (or boiseries) came from the Château d'Asnières near Paris, a château which was leased to Louis Xv and his mistress Madame de Pompadour equally a hunting gild. When the panelling came upwards for sale in Paris in 1897, the 1st Lord Astor recognised that it would exactly fit this room at Cliveden. The gilded panelling on a turquoise basis contains carvings of hares, pheasants, hunting dogs and rifles. The console tables and buffet were made in 1900 to match the room. The principal dining room of the house until the 1980s, today it is a individual dining room with views over the Parterre and Thames.

The second largest room on the ground flooring, afterwards the Slap-up Hall, was the original drawing room which today is used as the hotel's main dining room and as well has river views.^[eleven]

As well on the ground floor is the library, panelled in cedar wood, which the Astors used to call the "cigar box",^[12] and, side by side door, Nancy Astor's boudoir. Upstairs there are a total of ten bedroom suites divided equally over two floors. The East wing was and all the same is guest accommodation, whereas the West wing was domestic offices that were converted into more bedrooms in 1994.

Clock Tower [edit]

The nearby 100-pes (30m) clock tower was added in 1861 and is the work of the architect Henry Clutton. Equally a performance water tower it nonetheless provides water for the firm today. It is rendered in Roman cement like the remainder of the house, and features four clock faces framed by golden surrounds and a half open staircase on its north side. It was described by the architectural critic Nikolaus Pevsner as "the epitome of Victorian flamboyance and assertiveness."^[13] The tower is topped with a modern reproduction of Augustin Dumont's 19th-century winged male figure Le Génie de la Liberté (the Spirit of Liberty).^{[14] [15]} The original is atop the July Column in the Place de la Bastille, Paris. This replaces two earlier versions, the first having fallen from the tower during a storm in the 1950s.^[sixteen] The new statue is made of bronze and was created using Dumont's original mould from the 1860s found in a museum in Semur-en-Auxois, France.^{[sixteen] [ expressionless link ]} It measures two.2 m in meridian, is covered in two layers of 23.five carat gold foliage and cost a total of £68,000.^{[xvi] [ expressionless link ]} It is an allegorical sculpture which holds the torch of culture in its right hand and the cleaved chain of slavery in its left. It was affixed to the tower in bound 2012.^{[16] [ dead link ]}

History [edit]

Duke of Buckingham and early on history [edit]

Cliveden stands on the site of a house built in 1666 designed by builder William Winde as the home of George Villiers, 2d Duke of Buckingham. But earlier Buckingham's buy the country was owned past the Mansfield family unit and before that to the de Clyveden family unit.^[17]

The details are recorded in a document compiled past William Waldorf Astor in 1894 called The Historical Descent of Cliveden. It shows that in 1237 the state was owned by Geoffrey de Clyveden and by 1300 information technology had passed to his son, William, who owned fisheries and mills forth the Cliveden Reach stretch of the Thames and at nearby Hedsor.

The 1666 firm. Merely the arcaded terrace remains today. From Colen Campbell's Vitruvius Britannicus, c.1717.

The document also shows that in 1569 a social club existed on the site along with 50 acres (200,000 m^two) of land and was owned past Sir Henry Manfield and later his son, Sir Edward. In 1573, there were two lodges on 160 acres (650,000 m²) of treeless chalk escarpment above the Thames. It was on this impressively high but exposed site that Buckingham chose to build the start Cliveden business firm.

Buckingham pulled down the earlier buildings and chose William Winde every bit his architect. Winde designed a four-storey house above an arcaded terrace. Today, the terrace is the simply characteristic of Buckingham's firm to survive the 1795 burn down.^[xviii] Although the Duke's intention was to utilise Cliveden equally a "hunting box" he afterward housed his mistress Anna, Countess of Shrewsbury in that location. In 1668 a duel betwixt the Duke and his mistress'due south married man Lord Shrewsbury^[19] took place at Barn Elms near London and resulted in Shrewsbury dying of his wounds.^[nineteen] A contemporary account of Buckingham's antics with Anna is recounted by Samuel Pepys in his diary of the flow.

John Evelyn, another gimmicky diarist, visited the Duke at Cliveden on 22 July 1679 and recorded the following impression in his Diary:

"I went to Clifden, that stupendous natural stone, woods, and prospect, of the Knuckles of Buckingham'due south, and buildings of extraordinary expense. The grots in the chalky rocks are pretty: it is a romantic object, and the identify altogether answers the near poetical description that can be fabricated of solitude, precipice, prospect, or whatever can contribute to a thing and then very similar their imaginations. The stand, somewhat like Frascati as to its front, and on the platform is a circular view to the utmost verge of the horizon, which, with the serpenting of the Thames, is admirable. The staircase is for its materials singular; the cloisters, descents, gardens, and avenue through the woods, baronial and stately; but the state all about wretchedly arid, and producing nil but fern." ^[20]

In the 18th century [edit]

1st Earl of Orkney [edit]

Later Buckingham died in 1687, the house remained empty until the estate was purchased in 1696 by George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney, a soldier and colonial official. The Earl employed the architect Thomas Archer to add together 2 new "wings" to the business firm, connected by curved corridors. Although an almost identical organization exists today, these are later reconstructions, the originals having been destroyed in the burn of 1795. All that remains of Archer'due south work inside the business firm today is a staircase in the Westward fly.

Orkney'southward contributions to the gardens tin still be seen today, most notably the Octagon Temple and the Blenheim Pavilion, both designed by the Venetian architect Giacomo Leoni. The landscape designer Charles Bridgeman was likewise commissioned to devise woodland walks and carve a rustic turf amphitheatre out of the cliff-side.

Countesses of Orkney [edit]

Orkney died in 1737, and Cliveden passed to his girl Anne, second Countess of Orkney in her own right. She immediately leased it to Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of George 2 and father of George III.^[22] Afterward Frederick brutal out with his father, Kew and Cliveden became his refuges from life at the regal courtroom, condign family homes for his married woman Augusta and their children. During the Prince'due south tenure of the house, on 1 August 1740, Dominion, Britannia! (an aria by the English language composer Thomas Arne) was first performed in public in the cliff-side amphitheatre at Cliveden. It was played every bit part of a masque to gloat the tertiary birthday of the Prince'due south daughter Augusta.

It was believed that while playing cricket in the grounds at Cliveden in 1751 the Prince received a blow to the breast from a batted ball and that this had caused an infection which proved fatal;^[23] only information technology is now believed he died from a cold followed by a pulmonary embolism^{[24] [25]} Afterward his death, Frederick'south family retained Kew and their town house, Leicester House, but gave up their charter on Cliveden. Anne and her family moved dorsum into the firm, passing it to her daughter and granddaughter, the tertiary and 4th Countesses, who also lived there. On the night of 20 May 1795, the business firm caught fire and burned down. The cause of the burn was thought to have been a servant knocking over a candle.^[23] The 4th Countess moved out after the fire but retained the site, only selling it in 1824.

In the 19th century [edit]

Sir George Warrender [edit]

After the burn down of 1795, the house remained a ruin for the outset quarter of the 19th century. In 1824, the estate was purchased by Sir George Warrender, 4th Baronet. To rebuild Cliveden, Warrender selected William Burn down, a Scottish architect, and decided on a design for a two-storey mansion with entertaining on a g calibration in listen.

2nd Duke of Sutherland [edit]

A 19th-century engraving of the 1851 firm from the parterre

Warrender died in 1849 and the house was sold to the Sutherland family, headed by the 2d Knuckles. Sutherland had been in possession of the estate for only a few months when the house burned downwardly for the second time in its history. The cause this fourth dimension appears to accept been negligence on the part of the decorators.^[26]

The Knuckles was prompt in commissioning the architect Charles Barry to rebuild Cliveden in the style of an Italianate villa. Barry, whose most famous project is arguably the Houses of Parliament, Westminster, was inspired by the outline of the two earlier houses for his design. The third (and present) business firm on the site was completed in 1851–52, and its exterior appearance has picayune inverse since then. The 100-foot (30 m)-tall clock tower, which is really a water tower (withal working to this day) was added in 1861 by the builder Henry Clutton. Also around this fourth dimension another architect, George Devey, was commissioned to build one-half-timbered cottages on the estate along with a dairy and boathouse.

After the duke's death in 1861, his widow Harriet continued to live at the house for part of the twelvemonth until her expiry in 1868, afterwards which information technology was sold to her son-in-law Hugh Lupus, Earl Grosvenor, afterwards 1st Duke of Westminster.

1st Duke of Westminster [edit]

When one lives in Paradise, how hard information technology must be to ascend in heart and mind to Sky.

—Lady Frederick Cavendish on Cliveden, June 1863.^[27]

Westminster was ane of the wealthiest Englishmen of the flow^[28] and during his ownership of the estate (1868–93), he contributed significant additions to the firm and gardens including the porte cochère on the north front of the mansion, a new stable block and the dovecote, all designed past Henry Clutton.

In the 20th and 21st century [edit]

Astor era [edit]

In 1893, the estate was purchased past an American millionaire, William Waldorf Astor (later on 1st Viscount Astor), who made sweeping alterations to the gardens and the interior of the house, but lived at Cliveden as a recluse later the early decease of his wife. He gave Cliveden to his son Waldorf (later 2nd Viscount Astor) on the occasion of his union to Nancy Langhorne in 1906 and moved to Hever Castle.

The young Astors used Cliveden for entertaining on a lavish calibration.^[10] The combination of the house, its setting and leisure facilities offered on the manor—boating on the Thames, horse riding, lawn tennis, swimming, croquet and fishing—made Cliveden a destination for film stars, politicians, world-leaders, writers and artists. The heyday of entertaining at Cliveden was between the two World Wars when the Astors held regular weekend house parties. Guests at the time included: Charlie Chaplin, Winston Churchill, Joseph Kennedy, George Bernard Shaw, Mahatma Gandhi, Amy Johnson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, H. H. Asquith, T. Due east. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia), Arthur Balfour and the writers Henry James, Rudyard Kipling, and Edith Wharton. The tradition of high-contour guests visiting the house continues to this day, largely due to the house'southward conversion into a hotel.^[29]

There is a ghastly unreality about it all ... I relish seeing it. But to own information technology, to live here, would be like living on the stage of the Scala theatre in Milan.

Likewise at this time the entertainer Joyce Grenfell, who was Nancy Astor'southward niece, lived in a cottage on the estate.^[31] She besides entertained injured troops in the hospital on the estate during Globe State of war II.

In 1942, the Astors gave Cliveden to the National Trust with the proviso that the family could continue to live in the house for as long as they wished. Should they cease to do then, they expressed the wish that the house exist used "for promoting friendship and understanding between the peoples of the United States and Canada and the other dominions."^[32] With the souvenir of Cliveden, the National Trust as well received from the Astors i of their largest endowments^[33] (£250,000 in 1942 which is equivalent to £ten,809,375 in 2016).^[34]

After the death of the 2d Viscount in 1952, his son William (Bill) Astor, the 3rd Viscount Astor took over the house until his decease in 1966. The Astors ceased to live at Cliveden in 1968.

Canadian Red Cross Memorial Hospital [edit]

Cliveden War Cemetery in the Cliveden grounds

At the outbreak of World War I, Waldorf Astor offered the utilise of some of the grounds to the Canadian Carmine Cross for the building of a hospital—the HRH Duchess of Connaught Hospital—which was dismantled at the end of the hostilities. In September 1939 with the outbreak of World War II Waldorf Astor again offered the utilize of the land at a rent of one shilling per year to the Canadian Red Cross and the Canadian Red Cross Memorial Hospital was built to the designs of Robert Atkinson. After the war the infirmary's main focus was as a nursing school, a motherhood unit and a rheumatology unit.

The hospital airtight and was abased in 1985. It lay derelict for two decades and has been demolished in 2006 to make way for a housing development for people aged 55 and over.^[35]

Attached to the military hospital and within the grounds was established Cliveden War Cemetery. At that place are 42 Commonwealth war graves, xl from Globe State of war I (mostly Canadians) and 2 from Globe War II, besides ii American service war graves from the first war.^[36]

Cliveden House Hotel [edit]

In 1984, Blakeney Hotels (after Cliveden Hotel Ltd) acquired the lease to the firm. Led by chairman John Lewis and managing director John Tham they restored and refurbished the interior.^[37] Rooms are furnished with Edwardian antiques and the house is run in a like fashion every bit it would have been when Nancy Astor was chatelaine.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Pavilion Spa. The outdoor pool was a central location in the Profumo affair.

In 1990, they added the indoor swimming pool and spa handling rooms in the walled garden, complementing the existing outdoor pool. Also in 1990, a new 100-year charter was granted to run from 1984.^[38] In 1994 the conversion of the W wing from domestic offices to provide more bedrooms and ii boardrooms (Churchill and Macmillan) was completed.^[39] In that location are 48 bedrooms and suites,^[40] all of which are named after previous owners and guests (e.thou. Buckingham, Westminster).^[11] In addition to the Terrace Dining room, there are a further four individual dining rooms. Three rooms are licensed for civil ceremonies and each year many couples are married at Cliveden.^[11] The hotel also leases Spring Cottage by the Thames, one of the key places in the Profumo affair, and offer information technology as cocky-independent accommodation.^[11]

The hotel was listed on the London Stock Exchange for a flow of time in the 1990s (as Cliveden Plc).^[37] This visitor was bought in 1998 by Destination Europe, a consortium including Microsoft CEO Beak Gates.^[41] In the early years of the 21st century the lease was acquired by von Essen Hotels. In 2007, Cliveden House Hotel claimed to offering the "world's well-nigh expensive sandwich" at £100. The von Essen Platinum Gild Sandwich was confirmed by Guinness World Records in 2007 to be the near expensive sandwich commercially bachelor.^[42] Cliveden House was the "gem in the crown" of Von Essen Hotels when the visitor collapsed in 2011.^[43]

The lease to Cliveden Hotel was then purchased in February 2012 past the holding developers Richard and Ian Livingstone, owners of London & Regional Properties, (also the new owners of the adjacent-door 220-acre estate called Dropmore Park) who placed it nether the management of Andrew Stembridge from Chewton Glen.^[44] In 2015 Natalie Livingstone, the wife of Ian Livingstone, published The Mistresses of Cliveden, a history of some of the female person occupants of the house.^[45] In January 2015 the hotel closed for one month to deport out a refurbishment of the interior and for the National Trust to repair the roof.^[46]

The hotel'due south insignia is that of the Sutherland family and consists of a coronet with interlaced "South"s and acanthus leaves. 3-dimensional versions of this insignia can exist found on panels and radiator grills in parts of the house.^[47] The hotel'south motto is "Nothing ordinary ever happened here, nor could it."^[xi]

In October 2021, the building was ane of 142 sites across England to receive part of a £35-1000000 injection into the government's Culture Recovery Fund.^[48]

Gardens and grounds [edit]

The parterre seen from the terrace, looking south, with the restored 19th-century way planting

The manor extends to 376 acres (1.52 km²) of which about 180 acres (0.73 km²) comprise the gardens, the rest being woodland and paddocks. The gardens are listed Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.^[49]

Parterre [edit]

The formal parterre to the south of the house is one of the largest in Europe at 4 acres (16,000 m²).^[50] and is best viewed from the 20-pes (6.1m) high terrace on the southward side of the mansion. This function of the garden has received the nearly attention over the centuries. The kickoff arranging of the large plateau to the south of the house took place c.1723 during George Hamilton, Earl of Orkney'southward ownership.^[51] Although he had previously commissioned plans for elaborate parterre schemes from Claude Desgots, the nephew of André Le Nôtre (both designers had previously worked at Versailles), Orkney eventually chose a much simpler program involving an open surface area of lawn surrounded by raised gravel walks and double rows of elm trees.^[52] At the far end there was (and still is) a sunken characteristic in the turf where Orkney's horses were exercised in a form of open up-air manège.^[53] Orkney referred to the garden as his "Quaker parterre" because of its simplicity.^[51] The parterre endured in this grade until the mid 19th-century when the estate was endemic by the Duke of Sutherland and by which time the garden had been neglected. It was described by the Duke'due south son Lord Ronald Gower as "a prairie...a huge field of grass and wild flowers."^[54] The Duke commissioned both Charles Barry (who had rebuilt the mansion after the 2d fire) and John Fleming (the head gardener) to produce designs for a circuitous parterre of flower beds. Fleming's design, which featured two sets of 8 interlocking wedge-shaped beds, was chosen and is the template for what can be seen today. The beds were planted with a seasonal mix of bulbs, annuals and shrubs such as gladioli, hollyhocks, tulips, pansies and azaleas. Fleming pioneered this style of planting at Cliveden, which was later to be named "carpet-bedding."^[52] The Cliveden scheme in the 19th-century is well documented in Fleming'due south handbook Wintertime and Spring Bloom Gardening (1864). The Trust planted the nowadays clipped yew pyramids at the corners of the beds in 1976.^[55] At this fourth dimension (and for the adjacent three decades) the beds independent a massed-planting issue of argent-evergreen Senecio "Sunshine" and Santolina,^[55] but in 2010 the Trust decided to recreate Fleming's original 19th-century planting scheme.^[56]

Themed gardens [edit]

The Italian-style Long Garden consists of topiary in the course of corkscrew-spirals, peacocks and seasonal planting inside box hedges; it was created past garden designer Norah Lindsay in c.1900. The Japanese-manner Water Garden was designed in c.1893 and is believed to be the first such oriental-inspired garden in the country.^[57] It features a pagoda, on an island, bought from the Bagatelle estate in Paris. The planting there is mostly bound-flowering: cherry trees, bush wisterias and behemothic gunneras. Both gardens were commissioned past the 1st Lord Astor. The circular Rose Garden, designed by Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe for the Astor family unit in the early 1960s subsequently suffered from rose disease and was replanted as a "clandestine" garden of herbaceous plants in the 2000s, but in 2014 the roses were reinstated.^[58] The planting in the herbaceous borders in the forecourt was designed in the 1970s by the National Trust counselor Graham Stuart Thomas. The west-facing border features "hot"-coloured flowers (red, yellowish, orange) and the due east-facing border is planted with "libation" colours (blue, pink and white).

In 2011, the Trust began an ambitious project to restore the 19th-century Round Garden near the eastern edge of the manor. Originally this is where fruit was grown for the house but since the 1950s it has laid overgrown. The circular garden has a bore of 250 ft and restoration will include reinstating the paths and wrought iron arches as well as original fruit varieties where possible.^[59]

Woodland [edit]

There is a lime tree artery either side of the chief drive to the house. Cliveden holds part of the National Constitute Collection of Catalpa.^[sixty] In 1897 the 1st Lord Astor imported a section of a Californian redwood and had it installed in the woods. At xvi ft half dozen in (5.03 yard) across information technology is the largest section of a Sequoia gigantea in United kingdom.^[61] The woodlands were first laid out by Lord Orkney in the 18th century on what had been barren cliff-top; they were later much restocked by Neb Astor, but suffered badly in the Great Storm of 1987. The National Trust continues the replanting of the beechwoods.

Maze [edit]

The original Cliveden maze, commissioned by Lord Astor in 1894, has undergone major restoration later on having lain overgrown and inaccessible since the 1950s. It was replanted with 1,100 six-foot-tall yew trees roofing an area of one-third of an acre (0.thirteen hectares) and opened to the public in 2011.^[62]

Garden buildings: pavilions and follies [edit]

The primeval known garden buildings at Cliveden were both designed by Giacomo Leoni for Lord Orkney; the Blenheim Pavilion (c.1727) was congenital to commemorate Orkney'due south victory as a general at the Boxing of Blenheim.

The pagoda in the water garden was made for the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1867 and was purchased by the 1st Viscount Astor from the Bagatelle estate in Paris in 1900.

In the woods there is a small-scale flint folly idea to date from the mid-19th century.

Octagon Temple (Astor family chapel) [edit]

Giacomo Leoni's 1735 "Octagon Temple"

The Octagon Temple, situated 200 ft in a higher place the Thames, was originally designed by Giacomo Leoni in 1735 as a gazebo and grotto but was later converted by the 1st Viscount Astor to become the Astor family chapel.

In addition to its function as Astor family chapel, the Octagon Temple was adapted to serve as the family mausoleum in 1893. Today, three generations of Astors are buried here:^[63] The mausoleum contains the ashes of the 1st Viscount Astor, his son the 2nd Viscount, and of the latter's married woman, Nancy Astor. The ashes of the 3rd Viscount and of Robert Gould Shaw Three (Nancy Astor's son by her first marriage) are likewise buried here.

The mausoleum's interior and dome are decorated with colourful mosaics by Clayton and Bong representing religious scenes.^[64]

Sculpture collection [edit]

One of the features of the gardens is the big collection of sculpture, well-nigh of it acquired by the 1st Lord Astor from 1893 to 1906.^[65] The shell fountain, known as the Fountain of Dear, greets visitors at the terminate of the lime tree avenue up to the house. It was sculpted by Thomas Waldo Story, (American, 1855–1915) in Rome in 1897 and was deputed by Lord Astor for this site. It features a large Carrara marble beat supporting 3 life-size female figures attended by cupid. The "Tortoise" fountain nearly the parterre was also made by T.W. Story at around the same time.

In the forecourt at that place is a collection of 8 marble Roman sarcophagi, some of which engagement from c.Advert 100 and were bought by Lord Astor from Rome.

The Queen Anne Vase at the terminate of the Long Walk is said to have been given to Lord Orkney past Queen Anne in the 18th century and consists of a tall urn on a plinth decorated with the Greek key pattern.

At the far-end of the parterre is a 20th-century copy of a bronze group entitled The Rape of Proserpina (Italian, c.1565), bought by W.West. Astor from Italy. The original is now housed in the Victoria and Albert Museum.^[66]

The well-heads and oil-jars institute throughout the gardens came from Venice and Rome respectively.^[67]

Sitting on modern plinths in the Long Garden are two ancient Egyptian baboon sculptures, idea to exist 2,000 - 2,500 years old, that were purchased past William Waldorf Astor in Rome in 1898. It is believed that these sculptures represent Thoth, the Egyptian god of writing and wisdom.^[68]

Borghese Balustrade [edit]

The largest sculpture in the grounds, technically in 2 parts, is the 17th-century Borghese Balustrade on the parterre. Purchased past Lord Astor in the tardily 19th century from the Villa Borghese gardens in Rome, it is crafted from Travertine stone and brick tiles past Giuseppe Di Giacomo and Paolo Massini in c.1618–19. It features seats and balustrading with fountain basins and carved eagles.

"Cliveden Snail" [edit]

In 2004, a colony of pocket-size Mediterranean land snails of the species Papillifera bidens was discovered living on the Borghese Balustrade. Presumably this species, new to the English fauna, was accidentally imported along with the balustrade in the late 19th century, and managed to survive the intervening winters to the present twenty-four hour period.^[69]

Spring Cottage [edit]

The west front of Spring Cottage across the River Thames with the Cliveden beechwoods behind.

This is the largest and most circuitous of the four timber-framed cottages designed or contradistinct by the builder George Devey forth the banks of the River Thames on the Cliveden manor. The first construction on the site was a Gothic-fashion summerhouse with an octagonal vaulted plaster ceiling designed in 1813 by architect Peter Nicholson for Mary, 4th Countess of Orkney.^[70] She was living in one wing of the burnt down mansion at the time of the commission. It was used every bit a tea business firm and spa for the many visitors attracted to the nearby mineral springs, which flowed from the chalk cliff above and ran down into the Thames.^[seventy] Nicholson published his designs for the house in his Architectural Lexicon of 1813 in the form of a cantankerous-section of the interior and ceiling projection. In sale particulars dated 1821, which list all structures on the estate, the building is described as a Banqueting firm "at the much admired spring",^[71] while several decades later it was described as an "ornamental fishing villa."^[70]

In 1857, the Knuckles of Sutherland, who had owned Cliveden for eight years, deputed George Devey to overstate the existing building into a two-storey cottage.^[seventy] The subsequent alterations were in the vernacular mode with brick and stucco walls, fish-calibration pattern roof slates, a Gothick-style loggia and a turret above an exterior staircase leading to a balcony.^[72] Throughout the remainder of the 19th century the master purpose of the cottage was equally a place of leisure, and information technology was oftentimes used by the Knuckles's married woman Harriet to entertain guests, most notably her friend Queen Victoria.^[70]

In 1957, the cottage came to the attention of London osteopath Stephen Ward, who had been hired to treat Bill Astor. He leased the cottage from the Astors for a minimal rent for utilize as a weekend retreat.^[73] Among the guests invited to stay there were Christine Keeler and Mandy Rice-Davies.^[73] A risk meeting in 1961 betwixt Keeler and chiffonier minister John Profumo (a invitee of the Astors) at the Cliveden pond pool led to the Profumo affair which so damaged the Macmillan government.^[74]

Jump Cottage was awarded Grade II listed status in 1986,^[72] and in 1997 the hotel company which leased Cliveden House from the National Trust also caused the lease to the cottage.^[seventy] A reported £750,000^[70] was spent restoring and refurbishing the dilapidated edifice before it reopened in 1998 as a cocky-independent luxury holiday let.^[70] The cottage and its garden are not open to the public.

Cliveden Reach [edit]

Cliveden Reach, betwixt Cookham Lock and Boulter's Lock, is i of the virtually scenic stretches of the Thames. A section of the original Thames towpath extends from the boathouse, due north to Cookham Lock. Cliveden House may be accessed by watercraft from the mooring on Cliveden Reach half a mile downstream from Cliveden boathouse. A serial of Eyots in the attain are owned by the National Trust, and allow for short periods of mooring for passing boats. Cliveden Reach is a popular spot for canoeing, kayaking, and angling. The National Trust offers cocky-hire boats and guided river cruises.

In popular civilisation [edit]

Art [edit]

• Cliveden, (c.1750–80), by William Tomkins. Oil painting showing the extended get-go house from the river.^[75]
• A Fallen Beech with a Prospect of Cliveden, (1988), by Carl Laubin. Oil painting deputed past the NT after the Great Tempest of 1987.^[76]

Film and television set [edit]

Cliveden is the location or inspiration for scenes in the post-obit film and Television productions.

• A Very British Country Firm (2018) Four-part Idiot box series documenting the day-to-day running of the hotel and estate.
• Hampstead (2017) Interior of Ferry Cottage beside the Thames and the river at Cliveden Reach.
• Paul Hollywood City Bakes (2016) 'London' episode. Paul prepares afternoon tea in the hotel's kitchen.
• Mr Selfridge (Flavor 4, 2016) Bedrooms and French Dining Room.
• Cinderella (2015) Cliveden'southward clock belfry and shell fountain are the inspiration for the ones in the picture show.
• A Trivial Anarchy (2014) Gardens and grounds.
• Countless Nighttime (2013) Lady Astor suite; French Dining Room; gardens.
• Sherlock Holmes (2009) The French Dining Room stands in for a Parisian hotel bedroom.
• Made of Laurels (2008) The Library stands in for a New York study.
• Cards on the Table (2005) Interior and exterior of Spring Cottage.
• Mrs. Henderson Presents (2005) Gardens and grounds.
• Thunderbirds (2004) Cliveden is used every bit the model for Lady Penelope's house, "Creighton-Ward Mansion".
• True Blue (1996) Boathouse and river from steps.
• Antiques Roadshow (2000) Valuation day held in the grounds.
• Carrington (1995) The River Thames from the grounds.
• Chaplin (1995) The River Thames from the grounds.
• Scandal (1989) The story of the Profumo affair. Although not filmed at Cliveden, it is inspired by events which took place at that place.
• Expressionless Man's Folly (1986) Gardens and interior of Spring Cottage and River Thames.
• Nancy Astor (1982) House and grounds appear as themselves in this BBC Telly series.
• Death on the Nile (1978) The chief gates.
• Functioning Daybreak (1975) House appears equally a WWII Czech HQ.
• Don't Lose Your Head (1966) House and grounds.
• The Yellowish Rolls-Royce (1965) Grounds.
• Help! (1965) Firm stands in for Buckingham Palace.
• The Card (1952) Horse and carriage scenes in courtyard and stables.
• Yaadein Bollywood Picture show, used as Male person protagonist's house.

Literature [edit]

Cliveden from the River Thames

• In Affiliate 12 of Three Men in a Gunkhole (1889), Jerome K. Jerome describes Cliveden Reach as "unbroken loveliness this is, perhaps, the sweetest stretch of all the river…"
• In Boogie Up the River (1989) Marker Wallington retraces Jerome'southward journeying to marker its centenary, with the Thames at Cliveden described in Chapter 5.
• The poet Alexander Pope wrote (c.1730) of the Duke of Buckingham's affair with Anna, Countess of Shrewsbury: "Gallant and gay in Cliveden's proud apse/The bower of wanton Shrewsbury and beloved."^[77]
• Daniel Defoe mentions the first house in A Tour Through England and Wales (1726).
• Gore Vidal in his 1948 novel The Metropolis and the Colonnade: "The Cliveden-Churchill Ready are besides well entrenched and I shouldn't be in the to the lowest degree surprised if they created some sort of dictatorship that could never exist thrown off without a revolution."

Gallery [edit]

• 

  The firm from the Parterre showing the restored 19th-century planting scheme

• 

  The Tortoise Fountain and view over the River Thames

• 

  The dovecote backside the west-facing herbaceous border

• 

  The 19th-century boathouse designed by George Devey

• 

  Sir Bertram MacKennal's figure representing Canada in the War Memorial Garden.

• 

  Topiary spiral in the Long Garden.

• 

  A 19th-century Thames-side cottage designed by George Devey

• 

  The circular Rose Garden with temporary herbaceous planting.

• 

  The fountain in the Water garden

• 

  Wooden bear sculpture in the woods

• 

  Topiary and summertime planting in the Long Garden

• 

  Gilded surrounds of the clock faces on the tower

• 

  Yew Tree Walk with its 172 cliff-side steps downwardly to the Thames

• 

  Wounded Amazon statue purchased by W.W. Astor in the Rose Garden.

• 

  The artery leading upwards to the firm

• 

  The Pagoda in the Water Garden

• 

  The 19th-century flint folly in the woods

• 

  Planting in the Parterre viewed from the terrace.

• 

  18th-century Blenheim Pavilion - one of the oldest garden buildings at Cliveden.

• 

  Jets of h2o around the Fountain of Love.

• 

  Concrete tree-trunk folly (an old chimney) near the manor offices.

• 

  Seats in the Borghese Balustrade above the Parterre.

• 

  Granite Baboon statues in the Long Garden.

Notes [edit]

1. ^ "ALVA - Association of Leading Company Attractions". www.alva.org.uk . Retrieved 23 October 2020.
2. ^ Room, Adrian (1992). Brewer's Dictionary of Names: People Places and Things. Brewer. p. 118. ISBN978-1-85986-232-2.
3. ^ Crathorne 1995, p. ten
4. ^ Crathorne 1995, p. 29
5. ^ Crathorne 1995, p. 206
6. ^ NT Guide 1994, p. 66 harvnb fault: no target: CITEREFNT_Guide1994 (assist)
7. ^ NT Guide 1994, p. xxx
8. ^ NT Guide 1994, p. 46
9. ^ "Cliveden House". TRC Windows . Retrieved 29 September 2021.
10. ^ ^{a b} NT Guide 1994, p. 42 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFNT_Guide1994 (help)
11. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Cliveden Hotel website". Clivedenhouse.co.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
12. ^ Crathorne 1995, p. 181
13. ^ Pevsner, N. The Buildings of England: Buckinghamshire, London, 1960, p. 48
14. ^ "A gustation for the new: 19th-century sculpture at Cliveden". National Trust. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
15. ^ "Spirit of Liberty". National Trust Collections. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
16. ^ ^{a b c d} "Cliveden'southward Spirit of Liberty flies in". National Trust. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
17. ^ Crathorne 1995, p. 10
18. ^ Oxford Archaeology 2002, pp. i–two (PDF 4–v).
19. ^ ^{a b} NT Guide 2012, p. three
20. ^ Evelyn, John (1818). The Diary of John Evelyn (1901 ed.). Washington and London: M. Walter Dunne. p. 136. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
21. ^ "Archived re-create". Archived from the original on 11 Oct 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create equally title (link)
22. ^ "Ownership / Occupants of Cliveden - Family of Earl of Orkney". National Trust UK. Retrieved 17 Oct 2012.
23. ^ ^{a b} NT Guide 1994, p. xix
24. ^ "The Get-go Georgians: The High german Kings Who Made Uk - Frederick Prince of Wales - BBC Four". BBC . Retrieved eleven August 2017.
25. ^ Natalie Livingstone, The Mistresses of Cliveden (Random House, 2015), chapter 6, p. 160
26. ^ NT Guide 1994, p. 28
27. ^ quoted in Crathorne, 1995, frontispiece.
28. ^ NT Guide 1994, p. 36
29. ^ Crathorne 1995, p. 213
30. ^ quoted in NT Guide 1994, p. 45
31. ^ NT Guide 1994, p. 26
32. ^ Crathorne 1995
33. ^ NT Guide 1971, p. 10 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFNT_Guide1971 (help)
34. ^ Depository financial institution of England. Aggrandizement calculator Archived 5 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Last accessed ii November 2018
35. ^ BBC, Local, Berkshire: I live in Cliveden, xviii May 2007.
36. ^ CWGC Cemetery Report.
37. ^ ^{a b} Crathorne 1995, p. 202
38. ^ NT Guide 1994, p. 26 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNT_Guide1994 (help)
39. ^ Crathorne 1995, pp. 204–205
40. ^ "Cliveden Hotel website Stay over". Clivedenhouse.co.uk. Retrieved two November 2018.
41. ^ "The Company File Gates' group seals Cliveden deal". BBC News. BBC. 27 July 1998. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
42. ^ "Earth's most expensive sandwich". BBC News . Retrieved 11 March 2010.
43. ^ Neate, Rupert (2 September 2011). "Property magnates poised to buy Profumo mansion Cliveden". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
44. ^ Harmer, Janet (30 January 2012). "Cliveden sale to complete tomorrow every bit new owners promise to render property's sparkle". Caterer & Hotelkeeper. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 4 Feb 2012.
45. ^ Natalie Livingstone (2 July 2015). The Mistresses of Cliveden. Random House UK Limited. ISBN978-0-09-195452-9.
46. ^ "Cliveden"
47. ^ NT Guide 1994, p. 85 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNT_Guide1994 (assistance)
48. ^ "Heritage and Craft Workers Across England Given a Helping Manus" – Historic England, 22 October 2021
49. ^ Historic England, "Cliveden (1000323)", National Heritage List for England , retrieved 5 February 2016
50. ^ Llewellyn 1989, p. 123
51. ^ ^{a b} NT Guide 1994, pp. 48–49
52. ^ ^{a b} NT Guide 2012, p. 16
53. ^ NT Guide 1994. p. 69
54. ^ Crathorne 1995, p. 99
55. ^ ^{a b} NT Guide 1994, p. 69
56. ^ "Cliveden". National Trust . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
57. ^ Quest-Ritson, The English Garden, London, 2001, p. 202
58. ^ "The Rose Garden at Cliveden". National Trust.
59. ^ NT work in progress page ^{[ permanent expressionless link ]}
60. ^ NT Guide 1994, p. 76 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNT_Guide1994 (aid)
61. ^ NT Guide 1994, p. 77 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFNT_Guide1994 (help)
62. ^ RHS website. Archived 2011-08-22 at the Wayback Machine Last accessed 16/03/12
63. ^ "From a tea-room temple to a chapel". National Trust. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
64. ^ "Astor Mausoleum - Mausolea & Monuments Trust". www.mmtrust.org.uk . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
65. ^ NT Guide 1994 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNT_Guide1994 (assistance)
66. ^ NT Guide 1994, p. 47
67. ^ NT Guide 1994, p. 60 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNT_Guide1994 (help)
68. ^ "The Cliveden Baboons". National Trust.
69. ^ Sharpe, Janet Rideout (March 2005). "Papillifera papillaris (Gastropoda:Clausiliidae): a new record for Britain" (PDF). The Archeo+Malacology Grouping Newsletter, (7). pp. six–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
70. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} "Spring Cottage". Found of Celebrated Building Conservation contacts. Retrieved ane Baronial 2014.
71. ^ quoted in Crathorne 1995, p. 79
72. ^ ^{a b} Historic England. "Spring Cottage (1125050)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 1 August 2014.
73. ^ ^{a b} Crathorne 1995, p. 184
74. ^ Crathorne 1995, p. 185
75. ^ Ltd, e3 Media. "A View of Cliveden 766126". world wide web.nationaltrustcollections.org.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
76. ^ Ltd, e3 Media. "A Fallen Beech with a Prospect of Cliveden 766365". www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk. ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
77. ^ Alexander Pope, Moral Essays

References [edit]

• Crathorne, James (1995), Cliveden: The Identify and the People, London
• Llewellyn, R. (1989), Elegance and Eccentricity
• National Trust, The (1971), Guide to Cliveden, London: National Trust for Places of Celebrated Interest or Natural Beauty
• National Trust, The (1994), Guide to Cliveden, London: National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty
• National Trust, The (2012), Guide to Cliveden, London: National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty
• Oxford Archæology (8 Nov 2002), The south Terrace at Cliveden, Archaeological Watching Cursory (PDF), OA Library

Further reading [edit]

• Astor, Michael, Tribal Feeling, London, 1963.
• Coates, Tim, The Scandal of Christine Keeler and John Profumo: Lord Denning's Report 1967, London, 2003.
• Fox, James, The Langhorne Sisters, London, 1998.
• Hayward, Allyson, Norah Lindsay: The Life and Art of a Garden Designer, London, 2007.
• Jackson-Stops, Gervase, An English language Arcadia: 1600–1990, London, 1992.
• Keeler, Christine, The Truth at Last: My Story, London, 2002.
• Lacey, Steven, Gardens of the National Trust, London, 1994.
• Rose, Norman, The Cliveden Gear up: Portrait of an Sectional Fraternity, London, 2000.
• Sinclair, David, Dynasty: The Astors and their Times, London, 1983.
• Stanford, Peter, Bronwen Astor: Her Life and Times, London, 2001.

External links [edit]

• Media related to Cliveden at Wikimedia Commons
• nationaltrust.org.uk Cliveden information at the National Trust
• Cliveden Business firm
• National Trust Collections: an online directory of items at Cliveden

Coordinates: 51°33′31″Due north 0°41′xviii″W  /  51.55850°N 0.68823°Due west  / 51.55850; -0.68823

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliveden

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